Sunday, December 29, 2019

The Importance Of The British Industrial Revolution

The British Industrial Revolution had occurred from the mid 1700s to mid 1800s. The slave trade or rather the triangular trade was a major trade between Britain, Africa, and West Indies and the Americas. Britain had traded manufactured goods to Africa, who then traded slaves to the plantations and they then traded produce goods like sugar and cotton. This trade played a significant role in the British history and economy. According to Eric Williams book, Capitalism and Slavery, the slave trade a played a key role in the funding of Britain’s industrial revolution, â€Å"The profits obtained provided one of the main streams of that accumulation of capital in England which financed the Industrial Revolution† (Williams 52). The profits that†¦show more content†¦Richard B. Sheridan’s, Sugar and Slavery: An Economic History of the British West Indies, 1623-1775, cites Adam Smith’s final paragraph from the book, Wealth of Nations, â€Å"a project which has cost, which continues to cost, and which, if it is pursued in the same way a s it has been hitherto, is likely to cost immense expence, without being likely to bring in any profit† (Sheridan 5-6). Adam’s point of the lack of profit brought in to Britain was later argued by Eric Williams in his book. Even though Adam Smith had argued the lack of profits made from the trade, many did not and still do not agree with his view point. Eric Williams himself had argued against Smith in his own book, â€Å"Adam Smith, the intellectual champion of the industrial middle class†¦ later propagated the argument that it was, in general, pride and love of power in the master that led to slavery and that, in those countries where slaves were employed, free labor would be more profitable† (Williams 5-6). Williams had basically argued Smith’s economic view and said the anything but free labour is expensive and costly. As Adam thought the West Indian islands to drain money, Williams called him an economist who thinks slavery costs money but free labour does not. Even with Smith’s though, many people now days think that the profits made from the slave trade helped fund the industrial revolution. Dr. Alan Rice and Dr. Emma Poulter had referenced Williams, book Capitalism and Slavery, â€Å"The historian EricShow MoreRelatedThe Decline Of The Industrial Revolution1462 Words   |  6 Pagesbeing due to Britain s culture, institutions or just luck. This essay will argue for the abundance of cheap coal and a ready workforce and industrial capitalism as major factors in the industrial revolution. The industrial revolution was characterised by a slow and steady continuous economic growth which has begun in the 15th century. The industrial revolution did not see a sudden rise in Britain s GDP, in fact there were large growths in only some sectors, but it was a period marked by profoundRead MoreIndustrial Revolution Essay1152 Words   |  5 PagesBritain’s Industrial Revolution.  Jane Burbank and Frederick Cooper emphasize the importance of slavery for the development of the Industrial revolution and capitalism. However, as  James Carter, Richard Warren, and Robert Marks demonstrate, global trade and new technology were just as important facto rs as slavery  because  they increased both the efficiency of production and demand for British-made goods. Carter and Warren classically connect the idea of capitalism to the Industrial revolution becauseRead MoreLiverpools Slave Trade as a Centre of a Global Commerce and an Important Factor in British Economic Growth1437 Words   |  6 PagesLiverpools Slave Trade as a Centre of a Global Commerce and an Important Factor in British Economic Growth This essay will attempt to answer the question by approaching it in three stages. Firstly it will assess the importance of Britains slave trade in the context of global commerce, especially during the 18th century. SecondlyRead MoreThe Start of Americas Industrial Revolution Essay1748 Words   |  7 PagesThe Industrial Revolution did not start simultaneously around the world, but began in the most highly civilized and educated country in Western Europe – England. An empire like Great Britain was able to prevent the flow of new technology and experienced technicians to its colonies even while new machinery, like the spinning shuttle and the spinning jenny, was being used to develop textile manufacturing at home in England. The British Parliament was able to control its territories through laws andRead MoreHaitian Revolution : The Revolution1199 Words   |  5 PagesHaitian Revolution: The Haitian Revolution was led by Toussaint L’Ouverture from May 20, 1743 to April 7, 1803. It has been described as the largest and most successful slave rebellion. The rebellion was initiated in 1791 by the slaves. In the end, they had succeeded in ending slavery and French control o n the colony. The Haitian Revolution consisted of multiple revolutions going simultaneously. The Haitian Revolution existed from 1791 to 1804. It was important because Haiti is the only country whereRead MoreThe Origins Of The Modern World982 Words   |  4 Pagestakes the importance of the Indian ocean and he sees it as the most important crossroads for global exchanges of goods, ideas, and culture when Europe was a peripheral, marginal player trying desperately to gain access to the sources of wealth generated in Asia. He brings a very good evidence that pictures the traditional China s technological and Naval superiority, of the well-developed market system in Asia. Also he showed he superior quality of the Indian cottons and the of British textileRead MoreEric Williams Thesis on Capitalism and Slavery and Arguments Made for and Against the Thesis.1564 Words   |  7 PagesERIC WILLIAMS THESIS ON CAPITALISM AND SLAVERY AND ARGUMENTS MADE FOR AND AGAINST THE THESIS. Many historians justify that the evolving of the industrial revolution was based on slavery and mainly the triangular trade. The triangular trade was the route taken by Europeans to transport goods to Africa in exchange for slaves to be taken to the Americans. The triangular trade was seen as the first system of global commerce which linked Britain, Africa and the Americans. The most important coloniesRead MoreApush Ch 91650 Words   |  7 PagesThe American Industrial Revolution How did American textile manufactures compete with British manufactures? How successful were they? American textile manufactures were at an advantage compared to British manufactures, and they were very successful. America persuaded Britain to prohibit the export of textile machinery and the emigration of mechanics. Yet, still many British mechanics migrated over to the United States because they were lured by the higher wages. In competing the British mills, AmericaRead MoreBritish Industrialization Essay836 Words   |  4 PagesBritish industrialization was concentrated in those areas which had experienced prior proto-industrialisation. Therefore proto-industry was necessary for factory industry---discuss. British industrialization was concentrated in those areas which had experienced prior proto-industrialisation. Therefore proto-industry was necessary for factory industry---discuss. One model, proposed by Mendels, was that proto-industry was responsible for the rapid expansion in population, in what he called Read MoreImportant Factors Leading to Industrial Revolution1606 Words   |  7 PagesNowadays, it is almost taken for granted that the industrial revolutions are the result of changing technology and the proper application of that in the industrial production. However, from my point of view, these two factors did play a vital role in stimulating industrial revolutions, but they were not the only catalyzer propelling monumental development in industry. Influentially, the improvements in organizations of politics, social patterns, commerce, finance, and transportation also

Saturday, December 21, 2019

Restlessness and Agitation in People With Dementia Essay

Restlessness and Agitation in People With Dementia Restlessness and agitation are common in people with dementia. Cohen M et al (1986) attempted to define restlessness and agitation as inappropriate verbal, vocal or motor activity associated by 29 behaviors including general restlessness, constant attention seeking, complaining, negativism, pacing and screaming. In my nursing placement I experienced a case of vascular dementia. The name of patient, the name of the ward and hospital should remain unmentioned in the essay in order to maintain confidentiality. Mr Hastie (not real name) an 80 years old man attracted my attention with his sudden periodic out bursts of anger and restlessness. At the†¦show more content†¦He seemed to get very angry when he felt he was ignored or interfered with. Knowing all these things helped me decide my role better. He used to become very agitated when the ward was busier, as the staffs in the ward have less time to spend with him and thus he feel ignored. Because I was a supernumerary staff I had much more time to spend with the patient than other nurses and carers in the ward. I tried to calm him down by talking to him calmly, asking him questions in the topics, which he liked to talk about, i.e. about his daughters, his previous job etc. When he started stacking furniture, I used validation therapy (Day 1997) to intervene. I found a way to calm him down by saying it wasnt time for closure of the bar yet, and there would be more customers coming. He would stop stacking saying, is it! Feil (1992) emphasized the importance of validation therapy as an intervention technique to respect the world and feelings of the person with dementia and to validate these feelings by focussing upon that persons experiences of here and now. It was at th is moment I talked to him about his daughters and work as a cab driver, asking him about tourists attraction places in London etc. He shocked me by his knowledge about all these places and he remembered every single of them. Diversion is an effective form ofShow MoreRelatedSensory Interventions Of Dementia Patients820 Words   |  4 Pages 1 Research Summary Table: Sensory Interventions in Dementia Patients Morgan Shippy (Students Name) Northwest Arkansas Community College NURS9108: Fundamentals of Nursing Summer 2016 (Term Year) 2 Research Summary Table: Sensory Interventions in Dementia Patients Author, Year of Publication Purpose Sample/ Number of Participants Design/Level of EvidenceRead MoreAmerica s Elder Population Is Living Longer936 Words   |  4 PagesAmerica s elder population is living longer. Current data trends show that 46.2 million people living in America are age 65 and older (Millennials Outnumber Baby Boomers ,2015). Research shows the life expectancy of the average American woman is 81.2 years of age. Although advancements in medicine continue to evolve there remains one condition which impedes the quality of life for this growing population. Dementia, an Alzheimer s related condition which hinders the quality of life for 3.2 millionRead MoreThe Cognitive Effects Of Single Diagnosed With Dementia1642 Words   |  7 PagesDementia is a condition resulting from obtained brain disease and distinguished by progressive decay in memory and other cognitive fields such as judgment, abstract thinking, language, and executive functioning. This disease is usually caused by degeneration in the cerebral cortex, the part of the bra in responsible for thoughts, memories, actions, and personality. Death of brain cells in this area leads to the impairments that distinguish dementia. Though the cognitive outline of single diagnosedRead MoreCaring for Dementia Patients Long Term Care1161 Words   |  5 PagesCaring for Dementia Patients Rodrick Williams English 122 Professor Susan Turner – Colon Caring for Dementia Patient It can be very difficult caring for a patient with dementia. Most caregivers are unaware of the problems, they must face. A family member attempting to care for a loved one without training will eventually turn to a Nursing Home that has experienced staff in the care of dementia patients. Although many families feel a senseRead MoreThe Most Common Risk Factor For Alzheimer Disease1537 Words   |  7 Pagespreferences. Currently, there is no cure for Alzheimer s. But drug and non-drug treatments may help with both cognitive and behavioral symptoms. Researchers are looking for new treatments to improve the quality of life for people with dementia. Treatments for behavior Many people find that the behavioural changes and effects are the most stressful part of the disease. The principal cause of alzheimer s behavioral changes is the progressive failure of brain cells. However substandard environmentRead MoreChallenging Alzheimers Disease Behaviors : A Study936 Words   |  4 Pagesliving, and according to Witzke, Rhone, Backhaus, and Shaver (2008), may escalate from restlessness, pacing, and disrobing to hitting, kicking, and yelling. Agitation is described as inappropriate verbal or motor activity unrelated to needs or confusion (Witzke, Rhone, Backhaus, Shaver, 2008). These behaviors put a massive burden on the caregivers. A study by Kwak, Bae, and Jang (2013) revealed that agitation disruptiveness increased during standard care at nursing homes but decreased during musicRead MoreThe Common Types Of Dementia1013 Words   |  5 PagesDementia can be defined as a decline in mental ability severe enough to interfere with daily life (alz.org). More than often, individuals affected by dementia are over the age of 65. In the United States, there are more than three million cases of dementia each year. According to World Health Organization, the number of people living with dementia is currently estimated at 47.5 million worldwide and is expected to increase to 75.6 million by 2030 (World Health Organization 2015). Dementia is causedRead MoreIs Dementia A Progressive Brain Dysfunction?1016 Words   |  5 Pagesdiagnosed with dementia, one must suffer a decline in mental ability severe enough to interfere with daily life. While symptoms of dementia can vary greatly, the most common indicators are memory issu es, communication and language impairment, and the loss of ability to focus and pay attention. Symptoms of dementia often tend to start out slowly and then gradually progress over time. Most of the types of dementia continue to worsen and are usually irreversible. Observable dementia signs may include:Read MoreDifferentiate Between Delirium And Dementia938 Words   |  4 Pages Qsn. 1 Differentiate between delirium and dementia Delirium is also referred to acute state of confusion that presents in three forms. Its symptoms are severe confusion and bewilderment in the hyperactive form it is also characterized by an equally sudden pulling out from dealings with friends and the rest of the outside world. In the third form that is mixed delirium all these symptoms occur in an individual, it however occurs in people in their later years, Birks, J 2006. Delirium is alsoRead MoreAlzheimer s Is The Greatest Known Risk Factor For The Individuals Ages919 Words   |  4 PagesAlzheimer s is a degenerative disease of the brain that causes dementia, which is a gradual loss of memory, judgment, and ability to function. It is the most common form of dementia, and may hinder an individual s performance of daily function. Sixty to eighty percent of dementia cases are caused by Alzheimer s. This disease is considered to be the greatest known risk factor for the individuals ages sixty and older. Most of the population affected by the disease with noticeable symptoms are

Friday, December 13, 2019

American Prisons Free Essays

As far as memory could recall, man has continually developed laws to keep resolute civilization along with criminal sanctions to discourage the infringement of those laws. Accordingly, the number of inmates in federal and state penal colonies in the United States has soared to about 200,000 since the 1940s, and at the start of 1997, about 645 out of every 100,000 American citizens lived behind bars (Dakrat 1). However, alternative sanctions during the last decade have become prevalent in the United States, as well as in other western nations. We will write a custom essay sample on American Prisons or any similar topic only for you Order Now The introduction of alternative sanctions has turned into one of the most significant developments in punishment principles in the country, in view of the fact that it reflects on the victims, offenders, community, as well as sentencing as a whole, in an absolutely different outlook. In a country with the world’s largest prison population, adding up to more than 2. 2 million, and where a number of States allocates more funds to the maintenance of criminals than on education, alternative punishments are at this time a matter of necessity. Problems Faced By American Prisons It is not easy for most people to offer compassion for the millions of convicts incarcerated in the overcrowded prisons of America. A good number of the country’s population even believes that what takes place inside every prison establishments do not affect them. On the contrary, what occurs in prisons comes back to the society with a vengeance. Approximately 13. 5 million people in the country have served their own time in prisons and jails over the course of the year, and in the long run 95 percent of them are discharged back into the society (â€Å"Rising prison problems begin to trickle into society†). Because too many prisons are inhumane, unhealthy or unsafe, several of the released inmates return to the society as more hardened criminals eager to perpetrate new transgressions as well as to blame for spreading communicable diseases, such as tuberculosis, hepatitis, HIV, etc. , that were not taken cared of during the time that they were locked up. Currently, prison problems involve: 1. Corrections officers and inmates alike are constantly in fear of being assaulted. Even so, numerous prisons still do not report or collect information concerning the assaults, and when they do, the information is generally untrustworthy. 2. Education lessens rule-breaking and is proven to cut the rate of recidivisms by almost half (â€Å"Rising prison problems begin to trickle into society†). However, despite the fact that the prison population has doubled since the 1990s, the pace of funding for prison vocational training and education has not persisted. 3. In excess of 1. 5 million prisoners carrying severe communicable diseases are discharged every year (â€Å"Rising prison problems begin to trickle into society†). In fact, a number of penal complex with as many as 5,000 prisoners have no more than two resident doctors. 4. Incarceration can no longer be viewed as the main form of criminal punishment given the growing expenses of both management and construction of prisons as well as the crisis of prison overcrowding (Junger-Tas 9). At this time, America is contending with the menacing economic recession that is acting as a powerful brake on advancing the country’s utilization of large funding in support to resolve the foregoing problems. The development of alternative punishments is therefore the result of the justice system’s exploration for new sentencing strategies to rise above these intertwining problems. Effects of Traditional Prison Sentence Anchored in the findings of the Center for Criminal Justice Studies at the University of New Brunswick and the Criminal Justice at the University of Cincinnati, unwarranted use of imprisonment has enormous expenditure implications. On the average, each American spends $50,000 annually to keep criminals in prison (Dakrat 2). In addition, prisons should not be employed with anticipations of reducing illicit behavior. The soaring recidivism rate signifies that the risk of getting arrested and returned to prison does not deter criminals. Moreover, a research points out higher rates of recidivism among incarcerated youthful delinquents than those granted alternative sanctions (Dakrat 2). Incarceration devoid of appropriate treatment, criminals with severe infectious disease, criminal behavior or with mental health disorders are generally expected to leave prison in substandard health as well as character than when they initially went in. The problem can have an enormous impact on communities, since 97 percent of all incarcerated criminals are in time released from prison and live along with the entire population (Webb). Alternatives to Prison Opponents of long-established imprisonment have disputed the destructive potentiality of the punishment because it falls short of addressing the fundamental economic and psychological reasons that lead individuals to perpetrate crimes (Rierden 2). Alternative sanctions, on the other hand attempt to transform behavior of criminals in addition to giving the necessary tools that will help them in not making the same mistakes again when released. Moreover, because of prison overcrowding, this modern sanction will give the country the opportunity to appropriately incarcerate and rehabilitate more serious criminals for extended portions of their prison term. There are basically an enormous number of useful alternative programs. Compensation, restitution, community service, intensive probation supervision, electronic monitoring, and regular house searches, for instance, still endure a sense of redress for the injured party and a sense of atonement to the legal order violated. In addition, there are several new and unconventional alternative programs that as well do not involve imprisonment. The most practical and astounding programs among them are the â€Å"drug treatment, and classes and fees: for the rich program† (David). Drug treatment program are aimed for nonviolent drug dependents with prior convictions. Criminals who qualify are required to join in a residential drug-treatment program. Those who graduate were found to be 87 percent less expected to re-offend than others (David). Conversely, while not yet put into practice, the whole idea of classes and fees program is to require corporate offenders to teach in low-income academes (David). Since a number of these offenders have been educated at first-rate schools, they are more valuable if allowed to teach in classrooms rather than be placed behind bars throughout their sentence at the taxpayers’ expense. The imposition of prison sentence should only be selective depending on each circumstances, such as: to protect the public from violent crime; when all other sanctions are incompatible taking into consideration the gravity of the crime; when the criminal is a habitual delinquent; to safeguard the morality of the criminal justice administration; and if the entire sanctions have not effected to conformity with the arrangements set forth in the punishment (Junger-Tas 7). In other words, imprisonment shall only be employed if the gravity of the offense is such that all other punishment is totally unsatisfactory. The Best Alternative The best alternative to imprisonment is one that is less restraining than incarceration yet more confining than conventional probation. Community service intends criminals to work for the advantage of the community, to make amends to the community, as well as to be penalized. Community service is expected to lessen the undesirable effects induced by imprisonment, decrease prison overcrowding, as well as offer a constructive experience for criminals for working in a typical community (Junger-Tas 11). The essential feature of the punishment lies in the supervision and control of the implementation of compulsory orders in the community, instead of confining the criminal’s movement within a penal complex. In the early 1990s, developing countries regarded community service as an official alternative to prison, although it was already practiced in several communities. Community service is designed to punish criminals who are worthy of intermediate punishments. The program is applied to criminals that deserve to endure more than average probationers but not as much as criminals in prisons and jails (Samaha 428). Community service necessitates offender complete within a given time frame a particular number of hours of voluntary community work. In particular, criminals are required to wash automobiles in an agency motor pool, rake leaves or cut grass in parks, sweep up around housing projects or public structures, and clear garbage from playgrounds. Community service in the Federal courts is a special condition of supervised release or probation. However, community service is a commendable alternative for non-habitual criminals who perpetrated minor offenses or requires a prison term of one year or less. Criminals sentenced to community service must be expansively screened to get rid of those with histories of violent behavior. Because of community service, there might be a slight possibility of additional nonviolent transgressions; nevertheless, the degree the program manages to keep nonviolent offenders outside penal complex creates opportunity for the government to imprison and rehabilitate the more violent ones. Community service positively embraces the treatment factor as well on account of cautious matching of offenders to projects and services that constructively relates with their issues (Harding 78). In imposing the program, judges must consider the offenders’ availability and skills, and then match them with works available at nonprofit agencies and government. In the course of performing the community service, offenders are expected to learn how to take responsibilities as well as remunerate the communities they once damaged. However, failure to abide with the community service program results to the re-sentencing of the criminal. Many observers believe that offenders who previously benefited from community services gained confidence, self-respect, and a sense of accomplishment from their community work (Tonry and Hamilton 82). The rate of recurrence of conviction is lower among criminals who had found their experience in community service to be meaningful (Tonry and Hamilton 83). Moreover, rates of recidivism among those who completed the program are not higher than for criminals sent to prison. Not only is community service more effective and compassionate, they are as well less expensive. When both indirect and direct expenses are taken into consideration, an average-sized community service sentence is less expensive than incarceration. Imprisonment costs ranges from $30,000 to $59,000 annually, while community service generally costs only $2,000 annually and up to $20,000 in other alternative programs (Agosin 217). Conclusion The high cost of imprisonment and overcrowded prisons are among the most multifaceted concerns surrounding the criminal justice system. Unfortunately, because of these, prisons make uncertain the successful reintegration of criminals in the community. They transform the imprisoned offender, but the transformation is likely to be more depressing than encouraging. Alternative programs, on the other hand, particularly community service encourage a sense of social responsibility among criminals and permit them to enhance their character in the course of serving the community. Prison alone will never get to the bottom of the crime problems in America. Leaders and citizens alike must be more unconventional and tolerant to alternative programs. Alternative sentencing gives defense lawyers, prosecutors and judges a better range of sentencing options. It is not easy to resolve how much community service serves as a substitute for incarceration; nevertheless, one thing is for sure, that sentencing a non-habitual and less violent offender with community service works out the dilemma of prison overcrowding and saves the country an enormous amount of money. Works Cited Agosin, Marjorie. Women, Gender, and Human Rights: A Global Perspective. New Jersey: Rutgers University Press, 2001. Dakrat. â€Å"Alternatives to Prison: Why Imprisonment Doesn’t Work and What to Do About It. † 26 April 2007. Associated Content. 27 January 2009 http://www. associatedcontent. com/article/217666/alternatives_to_prison_why_imprisonment. html. David, Ruth. â€Å"Ten Alternatives To Prison. † 18 April 2006. Online: Forbes Magazine. 27 January 2009 http://www. forbes. com/2006/04/15/prison-justice-alternatives_cx_rd_06slate_0418alter. html. Harding, John. Probation and the Community: A Practice and Policy Reader. London: Taylor Francis, 1986. Junger-Tas, J. Alternative to Prison Sentences: Experiences and Developments. Netherlands: Kugler Publications,1994. Rierden, Andi. â€Å"Alternatives to Prison Mends Fences and Lives. † 23 June 1991. Online: The New York Times. 27 January 2009 http://query. nytimes. com/gst/fullpage. html? res=9D0CE2D71338F930A15755C0A967958260sec=spon=pagewanted=1. â€Å"Rising prison problems begin to trickle into society. † 11 June 2006. USA Today. 27 January 2009 http://www. usatoday. com/news/opinion/editorials/2006-06-11-our- How to cite American Prisons, Papers